In the Shadow of the Vatican’: Clarence Gamble and the DeMarchis’ Contraceptive Quest in Rome, 1955-1966 Advisors: Emmanuelle M. Saada (Columbia), Tanya Harmer (LSE) Luigi DeMarchi and Maria-Luisa Zardini, ‘Bringing Contraception to Italy: Pathfinder in Italy,’ in Courageous Pioneers: Celebrating 50 years as Pathfinder International and 80 years of Pioneering Work in Family Planning and Reproductive Health, ed Linda J. Suttenfield et al. (Watertown, MA: Pathfinder International, 2007), 39.